01 - Preheat oven to 375°F. Lightly grease a 9x13-inch baking dish with cooking spray or a small amount of oil.
02 - Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add pasta and cook for 2 minutes less than package directions for al dente texture. Drain well and set aside.
03 - Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add diced onions and cook for 3 minutes until translucent and fragrant. Add minced garlic and cook for 1 minute until aromatic, being careful not to burn.
04 - Add ground beef to the skillet. Cook for 5–6 minutes, breaking apart with a wooden spoon, until fully browned and no longer pink.
05 - Stir in chopped cabbage. Sauté for 5–7 minutes, stirring occasionally, until cabbage has wilted and softened.
06 - Add crushed tomatoes, tomato sauce, tomato paste, dried oregano, dried basil, smoked paprika, and sugar if using. Stir well to combine. Simmer for 10 minutes to allow flavors to meld. Season generously with salt and pepper to taste.
07 - In a large mixing bowl, combine cooked pasta, beef-cabbage sauce mixture, and half of the shredded mozzarella cheese. Mix gently until evenly distributed.
08 - Transfer the pasta mixture to the prepared baking dish, spreading it evenly. Top with remaining mozzarella cheese and all of the grated Parmesan cheese.
09 - Cover baking dish tightly with aluminum foil. Bake for 20 minutes to heat through and meld flavors.
10 - Remove foil and return to oven. Bake for an additional 10 minutes, or until cheese is bubbly and golden brown on top.
11 - Let the bake rest for 5 minutes before serving to allow it to set and make serving easier.