01 - Combine the sugar and water in a small saucepan. Heat over medium heat, gently swirling the pan until the sugar fully dissolves. Attach a candy thermometer and cook the syrup until it reaches 240°F (115°C).
02 - While the syrup heats, place the egg whites, cream of tartar, and salt in a clean, grease-free stand mixer bowl fitted with a whisk attachment. Begin whipping on medium speed until soft peaks form.
03 - Once the sugar syrup reaches 240°F, carefully and slowly drizzle it into the whipping egg whites with the mixer running on medium-high speed. Avoid pouring the syrup directly onto the whisk to prevent splashing.
04 - Continue whipping at high speed until the meringue forms stiff, glossy peaks and the mixer bowl feels neutral to the touch, approximately 7 to 10 minutes.
05 - With the mixer running on medium speed, add the cubed butter a few pieces at a time, allowing each addition to fully incorporate before adding more. The mixture may appear curdled or soupy midway through—keep mixing until it emulsifies into a silky, smooth buttercream, about 5 minutes.
06 - Add the vanilla extract and whip just until evenly combined.
07 - Use immediately to frost cakes or cupcakes. Alternatively, store covered in the refrigerator for up to 5 days. Before using refrigerated buttercream, bring it to room temperature and re-whip until smooth.